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公交驾驶员生理健康问题已成为公交事故发生的首要原因，因此对公交驾驶员生理健康要素进行综合分析对公交营运安全具有重要意义。本文从公交驾驶员生理健康问题的诱因、表征、后果与干预措施四个方面进行综合论述分析，结果表明：（1）振动、噪音、空气质量、温度等工作环境因素，工作姿势负载高、工作时间长等公交驾驶员职业特征因素，吸烟、饮酒、缺乏锻炼、高BMI等个体特征因素是公交驾驶员群体生理健康问题的主要诱因。（2）公交驾驶员群体总体健康状况较差，对16篇相关文献进行Meta分析发现，公交驾驶员生理健康问题表征中发生率最高的表征是腰部疼痛（46%）和血脂异常（45%），其次是颈部疼痛（36%）、高血压（32%）、脂肪肝（33%），此外也有一定比例的公交驾驶员检出痔疮（28%）、冠心病（25%）、背部疼痛（23%）、心电异常（23%）、腿部疼痛（21%）、失眠（18%）、血糖异常（13%）、胆囊异常（11%）、手臂疼痛（11%）等表征问题。（3）公交驾驶员的生理健康问题可在感知、决策、操作三个层面对驾驶员产生影响。眼部异常等感官问题主要影响驾驶员的感觉与知觉；疲劳、嗜睡、夜间呼吸问题主要导致驾驶员注意力分散、反应能力下降；而心率改变、呼吸问题、疲劳、生理适应能力等因素会导致更高的误操作风险；血脂异常、高血压等因素还会发生相互作用导致突发疾病，同时作用于感知、判断、操作三个阶段。（4）当前针对公交驾驶员生理健康问题的干预措施集中于诱因防控与表征检测层面，以健康监测为主，以改善工作环境与健康宣传为辅。
Abstract：The physical health of bus drivers has become the primary cause of bus accidents;thus, a comprehensive analysis of the physiological health elements of bus drivers is crucial for ensuring the safety of bus operations. In this work, relevant research on the incentives, symptoms, consequences,and interventions of the physical health problems of bus drivers is collected and summarized. The results reveal the following:(1) working environment factors such as vibration, noise, air quality and temperature, occupational characteristics such as high-load working posture and long working hours,and individual characteristics such as smoking, alcohol dependence, lack of exercise, and high BMI are the main factors affecting the physical health of bus drivers;(2) The overall health of bus drivers is alarming. Meta-analysis results of 16 relevant papers show that the most prevalent physical health symptoms among bus drivers are back pain(46%) and dyslipidemia(45%), followed by neck pain(36%), hypertension(32%), and fatty liver(33%), with a certain percentage of bus drivers suffering from hemorrhoids(28%), coronary heart disease(25%), back pain(23%), ECG abnormalities(23%),leg pain(21%), insomnia(18%), blood sugar abnormalities(13%), gallbladder abnormalities(11%),and arm pain(11%);(3) Physical health problems can affect bus drivers at three levels: perception,decision-making, and operation. Vision abnormalities and other sensory abnormalities can significantly impact a driver's perception and awareness. Fatigue, drowsiness, breathing problems, and sleep apnea can lead to distracted attention and decreased reaction times while driving. Additionally,factors such as changes in heart rate, respiratory issues, fatigue, and physiological adaptation can increase the risk of erroneous operation. Moreover, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and other factors may interact with each other and cause sudden illnesses, affecting all three stages of perception, judgment,and operation;(4) The current interventions for the physical health problems of bus drivers focus on causative prevention and symptom detection, with health status monitoring as the mainstream approach, supplemented by improving the working environment and health promotion.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.19961/j.cnki.1672-4747.2023.03.009
中图分类号:U471.3;R131
引用信息:
[1]万志伟,陈国俊,刘好德,等.公交驾驶员生理健康问题研究综述[J].交通运输工程与信息学报,2023,21(04):59-74.DOI:10.19961/j.cnki.1672-4747.2023.03.009.
基金信息:
国家重点研发计划项目（2021YFC3001500）; 武汉理工大学襄阳示范区研究生创新实践项目（XYDZ-2022B01）
2023-07-07
2023-07-07
2023-07-07